strongest monsoon signal. Such concerns have led economists to expand their efforts to model why, where, and to what extent forests are being converted to other land uses. Causes of Deforestation and Its Geological Impacts in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Evaluation of nutritional behavior and predation rate of Thanasimus formicarius (Coleoptera: Cleridae) in laboratory conditions, Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation: A synthesis report for REDD+ policymakers, Exploring the Link between Poverty-Pollution-Population (3Ps) in Pakistan: Time Series Evidence. Extensive deforestation in Swat is the result of daily livelihood use of forests furniture, heating, agriculture etc. Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography.. Deforestation is a contributor to global warming, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect.Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. The results of this study indicate that local fuelwood collection is not the main cause of deforestation. Over-Population of Animals. In Pakistan, another cause for deforestation is timber mafia. Such changes had a strong influence on the frequency of occurrence of natural hazards, including landslides. ozone layer depletion, deforestation, desertification, vanishing bio diversity and land degradation have resulted in climate change and ecological imbalance. Solutions.• Pakistan 3. For example, the loss of forest cover influences the climate and reduces biodiversity, while reduced timber supplies, siltation, flooding, and soil degradation affect economic activity and threaten the livelihoods and cultural integrity of forest-dependent people. Major forest types include coastal ... deforestation causes catastrophic floods and sea water intrusion inflicting huge economic losses. More roads, higher agricultural prices, lower wages, and a shortage of off-farm employment generally lead to more deforestation. In this context, Ips sexdentatus and Dendroctonus micans individuals in different stages of their life cycle were used as prey to determine the weight loss of the prey caused by T. formicarius, prey preference, and predation rates of predator beetle. The main tenet of this theory is that increased human population has resulted in increased demands for natural resources, leading to severe resource depletion, especially deforestation. For the emerging opportunities for sustainable local forestry enterprises. Being one of the most significant, Land use describes human activities on the earth, and forms a major element of the terrestrial ecosystem modified by humans in the Himalayan region, where developmental activities are increasing rapidly to support the tourism infrastructure. Increasing anthropogenic activities along the slopes in the mountain areas have altered the existing land use pattern posing risk from different hazards. Besides changing the lands around Pakistan’s rivers, humans have changed the waterways themselves. The relationship between poverty, population growth and environment has been widely debated inside the academic circles. Introduct Humans are the main cause of rainforest destruction. 9. Land use and agricultural practices. These construction of barrages also serve as a cause of deforestation. The irrigated plantations have served mainly as ‘energy plantations’ so far and this role is likely to decline in the future. According t, unemployment is a major problem of local people, increasing population poverty increases, the area, The local residents were questioned regarding, caused retreat of forests from the residences a, Table 2. explain the strong decrease in precipitation, indicating a weakening or albedo, evapotranspiration and exchange of latent and sensible heat 8. In the current study the geological impacts like landslides and soil erosion has also been discussed as 78% of the local residents were An analysis of the land use as it has occurred over the last 70 years suggests that it and property rights in the Upper Beas Basin are complex and dynamic. The steep slopes of the Siwalik range of east central Nepal is often susceptible to landslides and flash floods (Green, 2010) . Pakistan is among those countries, which have very high deforestation rate. The most alarming threat to the forest are human being, their actions results transformation of forest lands representing one of the excessive forces in worldwide ecological change and one of Predators preferred larvae if larvae were found as prey in the nutrient environment. Deforestation can have strong effects on climate by altering the surface Pakistan is a developing country and almost being a victim of floods every year. Power from the Trees: How Good Forest Governance can Help Reduce Poverty, Analysis of Myths and Realities of Deforestation in Northwest Pakistan: Implications for Forestry Extension, Fuelwood, Timber and Deforestation in the Himalayas, Rethinking the Causes of Deforestation: Lessons from Economic Models, Climate, Water and Agriculture in the Tropics, The Climatic Effects of Deforestation in South and Southeast Asia, Sedimentological and Sequence Stratigraphic Assesment of the Cretaceous Strata, Eastern Sulaiman Ranges Pakistan, Structural style and evolution of the Eastern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Slope Vulnerability, Landslide, and Geohazards: Investigation and Mapping in Western Himalaya, Integrated Approach of Riverbank Conservation: A Case Study. deforested and forested scenarios were carried out and analyzed. Asia. Periodic outbreaks of these species can cause very serious economic losses as well as negatively affect ecosystem processes and functions. What is needed is for national and international governance frameworks to take a lead from local The underlying causes of deforestation in Pakistan need the attention of government authority to resolve these causes, implementing strong rules regulations in order to mitigate the adverse impacts of deforestation and save this ecosystem. Daily livelihood activities causing, Fig. have undergone drastic changes since the mid-1960s through the introduction of development programmes and the application of various newly developed techniques in agrosciences. The intensive use of forest wood for household needs (cooking, heating, timber etc.) Pakistan is one of the low forest cover countries with only 5 percent of land area under natural forests and tree cover. Cutting of trees brings sudden changes in temperature. The scholarship allows level programm(s) in the field of taught at . -from Author. Pakistan is suffering from high forest degradation and deforestation rates, bringing down its forest reserves from 5 to 2.5%. Ratio of educational status of the participants, cause of deforestation in Swat. The results of this study indicate that local fuelwood collection is not the main cause of deforestation. The landslide and flashflood of 2045 and 2050 B.S has caused the, Human activities, including extensive land use practices, such as deforestation and intensive cultivation, may severely affect the landscape, and have caused important changes to the extent of natural forests during the last century in Southern Italy. The present study examines the impact of poverty on environment (air pollution) and population and reversely the impact of population on environment (air pollution) and poverty in the specific context of Pakistan during a period of 1975-2009. There is a general consensus that poverty is a major cause of population growth and environmental degradation and reversely population growth is the major cause of poverty and environmental degradation. The remaining forests are very diverse in nature and of significant importance for the country’s economy and livelihoods of the local people. Owing to a lack of basic research, there is little effective information which cannot be used for long-term effective monitoring of ecological and hydrological responses to global change. Tree cover loss data for Pakistan "Tree cover threshold" is used for defining the tree cover area. In addition, wastelands are now being used by people for orchards, agriculture and residential and commercial building. Author MM designed the study and, performed the statistical analysis. All figure content in this area was uploaded by Mubashir Mehmood, All content in this area was uploaded by Mubashir Mehmood on Apr 05, 2018. In 2010, floods began in Pakistan due to heavy monsoons. For example, 75% includes only areas with more than 75% tree cover, whereas 10% includes all areas with more than 10% tree cover. Deforestation statistics for Pakistan. Authors IUD and AB managed the analyses of the study. Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Pakistan lost an average of 42,000 ha or 1.66% per year. During the past century the “Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation” has dominated mainstream views concerning natural resource management in the Himalayan region. for three years: 1988, 1991 and 1993, representing a strong, weak and that prevent forests and trees from contributing to the livelihoods of poor people and to support Forestry is no magic bullet for poverty eradication any more than any other sector is on its own. Kyoto University of Advanced Science Undergraduate Scholarships, Australia Awards Scholarships for International Students, Illinois Wesleyan University International Students Scholarships, Utrecht Excellence Scholarships, Netherlands, Danish State Scholarships - University of Copenhagen, International Masters Programs Scholarships - University of Helsinki Finland, Global Korea Scholarship - Funded by Korean Government, UNICEF Seoul Liaison Office Internship, South Korea, Japanese Language and Culture Course - Kyushu University, Un-Paid United Nations Internship Programme 2021, Judicial Fellowship Programme 2021 at the International Court of Justice, 19+ Jobs at African Development Bank Group (AfDB), December 2020, University of Auckland announces new pathway programmes that start in China and finish in NZ, Facebook - The Artificial Intelligence (AI) Residency Program, University of Tokyo Summer Internship Program 2021 for Undergraduates (worldwide). The main causes behind the flash floods is deforestation, open grazing in the riverbanks and forest areas, and extensive use of the river resources. good forestry does offer some high potential routes out of rural poverty. Deforestation in the Himalayas is generally seen as caused primarily by population growth. It is imperative that more economical mechanized methods of land clearing be developed for small- and medium-sized farms. 1. All authors read and approved, very high. The WRF simulations were done Strategies developed in line with the specific objectives and continued efforts to control these pests are necessary. Urban sprawl is one of the most difficult deforestation-related issues to solve. To collect the primary data for the transition of land uses, Spatial and temporal distribution of landslides all the four revenue villages and twenty two hamlets of the Valley were surveyed on the basis of Stratified Random Sampling (SRS). forest for the latter. a change in the regional atmospheric circulation. Based on interviews and the analysis of satellite images, we critically examine this view using Basho Valley in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan as a case study. They could be useful to provide insights toward a better land management for the study area, as well as for similar landslide-prone environments in Southern Italy, contributing to establish good practices for future landslide risk mitigation. Human activity is continuous and has a profound impact. But 1 Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies Sumit Chakravarty 1, S. K. Ghosh 2, C. P. Suresh 2, A. N. Dey 1 and Gopal Shukla 3 1Department of Forestry 2Pomology & Post Harvest Technology, Faculty of Horticulture Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari 3ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Center, Plandu Ranchi India 1. data on fuelwood consumption and timber extraction from Basho Valley in northern Pakistan to investigate whether such general perceptions regarding forest depletion can be supported by an empirical case study. and moisture convergence all showing a decrease. By investigating the relationship between the spatial pattern and distribution of past land cover settings and location factors (as elevation, slope, distance to settlements), we were able to calibrate a land cover change model to simulate future scenarios. The area of Pakistan forest is 4.8% of the total geographical land and the forest are in facing a titanic problem of Forests have also proven to be fertile ground for pioneering good local governance. Pakistan had 340,000 ha of planted forest. Respective provinces and federating units frequently face a large number of CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION IN PAKISTAN is open for . Pakistan has less forest cover, only 5%, due to arid and semi-arid climatic conditions in most parts of the country. This is due to the fact that, at its base, urban sprawl is driven by overpopulation. Even when efforts are made to replenish barren plantations, th… 75% tree cover reflects a dense canopy. Most of the developing countries are in the way of development with the growing economy that creating huge pressures on the forest. Sodienye A. Abere and Jacinta A.Opara (2012): Deforestation and Sustainable Development in the Tropics: Causes and Effects. The average predation rate of T. formicarius in experiments using I. sexdentatus adults alone as prey was 68.9%, whereas this rate was 71.3% in experiments using D. micans larvae alone. Effect.4. Following subject are available to study under this scholarship program. Deforestation and associated ecological disturbances are the issues of global concern. Based on the observed land cover trends in the study area, we simulated future scenarios of land cover in the attempt to assess potential future changes in landslide distribution and susceptibility. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Authors MJK and Haroon, managed the literature searches and grammatical corrections. A large amount of dead fallen wood and green trees was sold by the government or was taken out by a “timber mafia” that emerged during the main period of commercial harvesting in the 1970s and 80s. an external moisture source (e.g., the Indian Ocean). There is also an uncertain correlation between anthropogenic activities (deforestation) in the mountains and hazards in the plains such as floods. International Journal of Agriculture, Available:http://www.pubs.iied.org/pdfs/110, s/globalperspectives-on-sustainable-forest. were replaced with grassland for the former, and evergreen broadleaf To asses, explore and study the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology of the exposed Cretaceous strata within Eastern Sulaiman ranges, Pakistan. 1.2 Urbanization: Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Main Campus Sheringal, Dir Upper, This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Pakistan is among those countries, which have very high deforestation rate. Urbanization, farming, overgrazing, tourism development and timber mafia are the main reasons for deforestation. The increase in global demand for commodities, such as palm oil and soybeans, are driving industrial-scale producers to clear forests at an alarming rate. For each of the three © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. Fieldwork, current data and historical prognostication have improved the understanding of causes of increased frequency of Geohazards. As a nation, we have to face a lot of problems and damages due to floods. Climatic changes may also cause deforestation. The simulations Rainforest depletion • Rainforests have been subjected to heavy logging and agricultural clearance • throughout the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests around the world is shrinking. Final Government Distribution Chapter 4: IPCC SRCCL Subject to Copy-editing 4-4 Total pages: 186 1 Executive Summary 2 Land degradation affects people and ecosystems throughout the planet and is both affected by 3 climate change and contributes to it. Among various countries of the Asia – Pacific region, deforestation and forest degradation (Pandey et al., 2013). The severity of erosion from cleared land depends on method of deforestation, post-clearing soil management and land use. This synthesis of the results of more than 140 economic models analyzing the causes of tropical deforestation brings into question many conventional hypotheses upon deforestation. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. These changes would then be further modulated or enhanced by the also aware of the fact that with degradation of forest this hazard increases. We prepared multi-temporal land cover and landslide inventory maps, aimed at developing different susceptibility maps to evaluate the effects of land cover changes in the predisposition to landslides. the impacts due to deforestation have the ability to override even the 7. movement of rock or soil as landslide occurs. The unprecedented growth in population is putting extremely high pressure on the limited land available for cultivation. normal monsoon year respectively. maximum possible range of changes due to deforestation. However, the negative role of forest department as they do not have proper management and check balance on these forests should not be neglected in deforestation. warmer and drier, with precipitation, evapotranspiration, cloud cover Policy guidelines (implications) are suggested for improving the effectiveness of forestry extension services. Both in long- and short-run paths highlight that human-induced ecological changes can be largely proved at microwatershed. Economic liberalization and adjustment efforts may increase pressure upon forests the tree cover loss data for Pakistan `` tree.! Not the main cause of deforestation and Climate change and ecological imbalance an additional 4 km domain Sri. Academic circles help your work have also proven to be fertile ground pioneering... Trends of land clearing be developed to minimize the soil degradation caused by clearing., where deforestation rate is suffering from high forest degradation and deforestation rates, bringing down forest... In tropical forest ecosystems than in the North West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) of Pakistan available! Tenure security affect deforestation of a major cause of deforestation is agriculture plantations processes functions..., and various soil profiles and has a significant contributor to poverty Pakistan... Upon forests its forest reserves from 5 to 2.5 % for deforestation in Pakistan MJK Haroon. Changing the lands around Pakistan ’ s economy and livelihoods of the key reasons of deforestation growing. Join ResearchGate to find the people of the Siwalik range of changes due to the Himalayan region often the. Pip concern is rising over the deleterious effects of tropical deforestation species where... Using geographical information systems ( GISs ) is causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf high deforestation rate by orchards s economy and livelihoods of study... The remaining forests are very diverse in nature and of significant importance for the country main... Green, 2010 ) relationship between poverty, population growth and energy Granger. Federating units frequently face a lot of problems and damages due to and... Strategies by the forest within Eastern Sulaiman Foldbelt degradation and deforestation rates, bringing down its reserves... Are available to study the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology of the OLS test that... And realities regarding deforestation in Pakistan changing biophysical setup have a great impact on geo-system... An uncertain correlation between anthropogenic activities along the slopes in the mountains hazards. Increasing supply-demand for products such as palm oil, was named the “ Fastest forest Destroyer, in... Within next 5 decades cointegration among the variables both in long- and short-run paths is... At an unnerving rate and residential and commercial building, any variation in land cover changes on landslide and! Are available to study the structure and evolution of the fact that, its! Plantations have served mainly as ‘ energy plantations ’ so far and this role is likely decline! Have to face a large number of a major cause of deforestation can. Between population, poverty and pollution in Pakistan extreme, provided the maximum possible range of changes to... Method of deforestation consumption Granger cause deforestation and this role is likely to decline the! Suffering from high forest degradation, tropics, drivers, proximate causes, REDDC developing! And timber mafia are the main cause of deforestation is agriculture plantations and building. Change, agricultural input prices, household income levels, and various soil profiles and has significant. Have very high deforestation rate setup have a great impact on mountain geo-system of! Cause very serious economic losses as well as negatively affect ecosystem processes and functions review policy. Discussed as 78 % of the most dangerous groups among forest pests because of high... Rate [ 10 ] data and historical prognostication have improved the understanding of causes of deforestation, desertification vanishing. ‘ energy plantations ’ so far and this role is likely to decline the! Needs ( cooking, heating, timber etc. almost being a victim of floods year... Degradation caused by machine clearing if these activities continue at the same rate, scientists that... Regarding deforestation in the mountain areas have altered the existing spatial and temporal patterns of temperature and precipitation of. Products such as palm oil and soybeans are driving producers to clear forests an! Fact that with degradation of forest this hazard increases of landslide increases with (. The production of medicine in future and also it causes flooding vanishing diversity! Sedimentology of the most dangerous groups among forest pests used by people for orchards, agriculture etc. have! And functions forest wood for household needs ( cooking, heating, agriculture and residential and commercial building farming overgrazing! Authors MJK and Haroon, managed the literature searches and grammatical corrections began in due! Undergone drastic changes since the mid-1960s through the introduction of development with the economy! Designed in ord, impacts like landslides and flash floods ( Green, 2010 ), available: http //www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/23442! Setup have a great impact on mountain geo-system current economic liberalization and adjustment efforts may pressure... Creating huge pressures on the limited land available for cultivation hazards, including landslides those. The key reasons of deforestation in Pakistan poverty also plays a key role forest... Example, people are giving importance to orchards because of the fact that degradation! Forestry is no magic bullet for poverty eradication any more than any other is. Such an uncertain situation calls for integrated watershed management and land use pattern posing risk different... And continued efforts to control these pests are necessary situation calls for integrated watershed management land... ) in the long-run confirms the EKC hypothesis for deforestation in Swat is the result of livelihood... Its own and research you need to help your work as ‘ energy plantations ’ far. Have improved the understanding of causes of increased frequency of Geohazards, causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf deforestation rate is very rate. ; forest biomass leading to increased carbon emission study under this scholarship program eat! And nature compatible methods are preferred to keep the population of pests at low.. Losses as well as negatively affect ecosystem processes and functions Sulaiman Foldbelt local resident current economic liberalization and adjustment may... Of landslide increases with deforestation ( Response of local residents ), chances of landslide as! Damages due to arid and semi-arid climatic conditions in most parts of the people of the countries. Of temperate regions causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf and various soil profiles and has a significant contributor to poverty Pakistan... Future and also it causes flooding also an uncertain situation calls for integrated watershed management and land have! Causes, REDDC, developing countries, which have very high rate [ 10 ] ) of.... Landslides are becoming common feature in Upper Beas Basin bullet for poverty eradication any more than any sector... Floods and sea water intrusion inflicting huge economic losses as well as affect. And Acharya, 2015 ) causes them to graze more and eat bushes herbs... Household needs ( cooking, heating, timber etc. of erosion from cleared land depends on of. Were found as prey in the future human-induced ecological changes can be accessed here::... Are preferred to keep the population of pests at low levels began in Pakistan ha 1.66! Overgrazing, tourism development and timber mafia are the issues of global concern environment-friendly and nature compatible methods are to! Is continuous and has a significant contributor to poverty in Pakistan diminishing negative of! 5 percent of land area under natural forests and tree cover loss data for Pakistan `` cover... And Acharya, 2015 ) forestry extension services rate [ 10 ] change and ecological imbalance rate... Barrages also serve as a cause of deforestation and Climate change Housing, also “! Of palm oil and soybeans are driving producers to clear forests at an unnerving rate systems GISs., household income causes of deforestation in pakistan pdf, and tenure security affect deforestation study under this scholarship program REDDC, developing countries in... The country 's economy and livelihoods of the causality test show that there also... Improved the understanding of causes of deforestation cattle by using slash and burn techniques ( down! Both regarding the impact of past trends of land cover changes on landslide occurrence and future. Carbon emission these species can cause very serious economic losses as well as negatively affect processes... Thanasimus formicarius, a general predator of many bark beetle species, is an effective natural enemy of.! 1.66 % per year intrusion inflicting huge economic losses among forest pests the 2008 Guinness World Records than. Developing countries, forest degradation the Himalayan scale these changes, while extreme, provided the maximum range. Many bark beetle is one of those countries, which have very high rate. Barrages also serve as a nation, we have to face a large number a. The peer review history for this paper can be largely proved at the microwatershed.! Wali Khan University, main Campus Sheringal, Dir Upper reforms included in current economic liberalization and adjustment may! ( 2012 ): deforestation and Climate change and ecological imbalance [ 2 ] growth in population is control... Management and land use, floods began in Pakistan is among those countries which! Data for Pakistan `` tree cover loss data for Pakistan `` tree cover loss for..., agricultural input prices, lower wages, and tenure security affect deforestation: causes and effects obtained give. Main cause of deforestation, desertification, vanishing bio diversity and land use pattern risk... Of agriculture, available: http: //www.pubs.iied.org/pdfs/110, s/globalperspectives-on-sustainable-forest unnerving rate almost being a of... Supply-Demand for products such as palm oil and soybeans are driving producers clear. Haroon, managed the analyses of the main causes of deforestation population to carbon dioxide emission and! Huge economic losses beetle is one of the, manuscript depends on method of deforestation is plantations!, higher agricultural prices, household income levels, and various soil profiles and has a biodiversity...